Tongan ways of talking

New Ways to Read Digital Talking Books

In this paper we present new ways to read Digital Talking Books (DTBs). DTBs aim to provide better access to literary contents for the visually impaired population. However, these books offer limited capabilities when reading the book freely. Only continuous reading or jumping through sections of the text is allowed. This lack of flexibility leaves out many of the types of reading users usually...

Finding New Ways to Read Digital Talking Books

In this paper we present new ways to read Digital Talking Books (DTBs). DTBs aim to provide better access to literary contents for the visually impaired population. However, these books offer limited capabilities when reading the book freely. Only continuous reading or jumping through sections of the text is allowed. This lack of flexibility leaves out many of the types of reading users usually...

Radiality: A Tongan Cultural Model

Non-Verbal Predicates in Tongan

In any head-driven theory of clause structure, where clauses are some sort of verbal category, the presence of clauses without an overt verb poses an interesting puzzle. Should or can the non-verbal clauses be assimilated to verbal clauses via a phonologically-null verb, or should they be analyzed in another way? This issue has been the subject of a fair amount of research in HPSG over the last...

The Morphosyntax of 2P Pronouns in Tongan

§ 1. Approaches to 2P Elements. Many languages exhibit grammatical categories that are referred to as ‘Second Position’ (henceforth ‘2P’) or ‘Wackernagel’ elements (Halpern & Zwicky 1996). These elements are typically functional morphs (often pronominal or auxiliary elements) which are phonologically weak and appear immediately after the first element of some constituent. Determination of what ...